Funct. Mater. 2025; 32 (1): 126-133.

doi:https://doi.org/10.15407/fm32.01.126

Indolenine-based semisquaraine dye for visual detection and sensing of mercury (II)

R. P. Svoiakov, O. G. Kulyk, I. V. Hovor, H. S. Vlasenko, A. L. Tatarets, O. S. Kolosova

Institute of Functional Materials Chemistry of SSI “Institute for Single Crystals” of NAS of Ukraine, 60 Nauky Ave., 61072 Kharkiv, Ukraine

Abstract:

Mercury is a highly toxic pollutant that poses significant risks to the environment and human health. Despite the availability of various methods for detecting Hg²⁺ ions, there is a high demand for the development of small molecule sensors that are simple, rapid, cost-effective, selective and sensitive. Here, we examine the application of indolenine-based semisquaraine dye SqS as a chemosensor for the mercury detection in an aqueous and organic (alcoholic) media. The addition of Hg²⁺ ions to the SqS solution induces a noticeable color change from light pink to yellow, while other metal cations, including Li⁺, Ni⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Ba²⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Cu²⁺, Co²⁺, Fe³⁺, Al³⁺, Pb²⁺, and Cd²⁺ do not cause any significant change in color or absorption spectra. The limit of Hg²⁺ detection under proposed measurement conditions was determined to be 38 nM. The analysis of the binding characteristics of SqS using Job’s and molar ratio methods, along with mass spectrometry, indicates that the stoichiometry of the SqS–Hg²⁺ complex is 1:1 and 2:1. This chemosensor can be used for the selective colorimetric detection of mercury ions in environmental samples, such as water sources, and in biological systems, contributing to pollution monitoring and safety assessments.

Keywords:

squaraine, mercury, chemosensor, determination, spectrum parameters, absorbance, Job’s plot, molar ratio method, aqueous solution.

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Funct. Mater. 2025; 32 (1): 126-133.

Current number: